Basic Nursing Honor

Science & Health

Requirements

1. Have the First Aid - Basic honor.
2. What foods are included in the following diets?
   • Liquid
   • Pureed
   • Regular
   • Diabetic
   • Low-sodium

   Answer: 1) Liquid: only liquid foods or those that liquefy, such as water, strained juices, broths, teas, gelatin, and milk. Indicated post-operatively and when there is difficulty chewing or swallowing. 2) Soft (pureed): mashed foods or those of a soft consistency, such as purees, porridges, creamy soups, mashed fruits, and well-cooked vegetables. It facilitates chewing and swallowing. 3) Regular (normal): common and balanced eating, with all food groups and no restrictions, for those who do not have any condition requiring a special diet. 4) Diabetic: controls the amount of sugars and simple carbohydrates, is rich in fiber, and has little sugar, helping to keep blood glucose (blood sugar level) stable in diabetic people. 5) Low-sodium: with little salt (sodium), avoiding salty and processed foods. Indicated for hypertensive, cardiac, and people with kidney problems, helping to control blood pressure and swelling. — Each diet meets a need — from the liquid one, for those who cannot chew, to the low-sodium one, for those who need to reduce salt.

3. What is a fever? Know the signs and symptoms of a fever. Know how to take someone's temperature. Know what to do to bring down a feverish temperature.

   Answer: 1) What a fever is: an elevation of the body's temperature above normal (generally above 37.8 °C), a sign that the organism is fighting an infection. 2) Signs and symptoms of a fever: heat, a flushed face, chills, headache, weakness/tiredness, bright eyes, and sometimes sweating. 3) How to take the temperature: use a thermometer (axillary, oral, or forehead), respecting the indicated time, and read the marked value. 4) How to bring down a feverish temperature: rest, hydration (drinking plenty of liquid), light clothing, an airy environment, warm compresses and, under guidance, an antipyretic; seek a doctor if it is very high or persistent. — A fever is a sign of the body's defense: measuring it correctly and taking simple measures helps to control it safely.

4. Know what the normal pulse and respiration rates are, as well as what the normal temperature is. Practice taking the pulse, respiration, and temperature of a friend or fellow member of your Club.

   Answer: Normal values in an adult at rest: pulse (heart rate) of 60 to 100 beats per minute; respiration of 12 to 20 movements per minute; body temperature around 36 to 37 °C. In children, the pulse and respiration are naturally faster. — Knowing the normal values allows you to quickly notice when something is wrong with the patient.

5. What is a contagious disease? What are the routes of transmission? What precautions should be followed to prevent the transmission of these diseases? List safety measures to be observed when caring for someone in your home who has a contagious disease.

   Answer: 1) What a contagious disease is: it is a disease that is transmitted from one person (or animal) to another. 2) Routes of transmission: air (droplets/aerosols), direct contact, contaminated hands and objects, water and food, blood and bodily fluids, and vectors (insects). 3) Precautions to prevent transmission: wash your hands frequently, use a mask and gloves, isolate the sick person, do not share personal objects, sanitize surfaces, keep the environment ventilated, and dispose of contaminated waste correctly. 4) Safety measures when caring for someone at home with a contagious disease: separate the sick person's utensils and towels, ventilate the room, clean and disinfect surfaces, wash your hands before and after contact, use a mask/gloves when dealing with secretions, keep the sick person in an airy environment, and carefully dispose of tissues and waste. — Knowing how the disease is transmitted is what defines the right precautions to keep from passing it on.

6. Know how to help care for a newborn and an elderly person. Care for a newborn or an elderly person for at least one shift (morning, afternoon, or night).

   Answer: Newborn: maintain hygiene (bathing and changing diapers), ensure correct breastfeeding/feeding, support the head when picking them up, keep them warm and safe, observe sleep and crying, and care for the umbilical stump. Elderly: help with hygiene, feeding, and medication at the right times, prevent falls (a safe environment), encourage movement and companionship, have patience and respect, and watch for signs of illness. Both require affection, constant attention, and rigorous hygiene. — Newborns and the elderly are the most fragile: to care for them well is to combine hygiene, attention, and a lot of affection.

7. Know when and how to wash your hands when caring for someone who is sick.

   Answer: Wash your hands BEFORE and AFTER touching the patient, before preparing or giving food and medicines, after contact with secretions, blood, or waste, and after using the bathroom. How: wet your hands, lather well (palms, backs, between the fingers, nails, and wrists) for about 20 seconds, rinse, and dry with a paper towel. — Hand washing is the simplest and most effective measure to prevent the transmission of diseases in the care of the sick.

8. Know how to make a bedridden patient more comfortable without changing the bed.

   Answer: Keep the bed clean, dry, and with the sheets well stretched (without folds that hurt); change the patient's position every 2 hours to prevent bedsores (pressure ulcers); use pillows for support; maintain bodily hygiene; adjust the temperature and ventilation; and offer water and attention. Small acts of care make a big difference in comfort. — Changing position, keeping the bed smooth and dry, and giving attention prevents wounds and brings a lot of comfort to the bedridden.

9. Demonstrate how to feed a patient who is immobile in bed.
10. Demonstrate how to administer liquid medicines, tablets, pills, or capsules to children and adults. Know how to apply eye drops to the eyes.
11. Demonstrate the method of applying rubs and foot baths. Explain the therapeutic value of their use, and state under what conditions these treatments should be applied.
12. Demonstrate the application of a compress and the use of heat or cold for the treatment of inflammations and injuries.
13. Explain how the following remedies help in the prevention of diseases:
    • Healthy eating
    • Physical exercise
    • Water
    • Sunlight
    • Temperance
    • Air
    • Rest
    • Trust in God

    Answer: They are the eight natural remedies for the prevention of diseases: 1) Healthy eating: provides the nutrients the body needs, nourishes and strengthens the organism, and helps maintain weight and immunity, preventing diseases linked to poor diet. 2) Physical exercise: improves blood circulation, strengthens muscles and the heart, increases energy, and helps prevent obesity, diabetes, and heart problems. 3) Water: hydrates the body, helps cleanse the organism by eliminating toxins, and regulates functions such as digestion and temperature, preventing dehydration and kidney problems. 4) Sunlight: helps the body produce vitamin D (important for the bones), improves mood, and aids in disinfection, with moderate exposure at appropriate times. 5) Temperance: it is the balanced use of good things and abstinence from what is harmful, avoiding excesses and harmful substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and drugs, preventing addictions and diseases. 6) Pure air: breathing clean air oxygenates the blood, the body, and the brain well, improves sleep and energy, and helps prevent respiratory problems. 7) Rest: sleep and adequate breaks restore the body and mind, reduce tiredness and stress, and strengthen immunity, preventing exhaustion. 8) Trust in God: faith and prayer bring peace, reduce stress and anxiety, and give hope, contributing to mental and physical health. Together, these eight remedies strengthen health and prevent many diseases. — The eight natural remedies show that to prevent is to live in a balanced way — body and spirit cared for by God.